PBU 18 in simple language. PBU for profit calculations

A practical example of calculation for determining the current income tax is in

Who applies PBU 18/02?

• credit institutions;
• state (municipal) institutions;
• applying simplified methods of accounting, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting;

Why does PBU 18/02 need to be applied at all?

SHE(deferred tax asset) -

Reflected in the reporting:

IT(deferred tax liability) -

Constant differences

Temporary differences.

Income statement:

• conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax;
• permanent and temporary differences that arose in the reporting period and resulted in the adjustment of the conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax in order to determine the current income tax;
• permanent and temporary differences that arose in previous reporting periods, but resulted in an adjustment of the conditional expense (conditional income) for the income tax of the reporting period;
• the amount of permanent tax liability (asset), deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability;
• reasons for changes in applied tax rates compared to the previous reporting period;
• The amounts of a deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability written off in connection with the disposal of an asset (sale, transfer on a gratuitous basis or liquidation) or type of liability.

1. These Regulations (hereinafter - the Regulations) establish the rules for the formation in accounting and the procedure for disclosing in the financial statements information on calculations of corporate income tax (hereinafter - the income tax) for organizations recognized in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation as taxpayers of income tax (except for credit organizations and public sector organizations), and also determines the relationship between the indicator reflecting profit (loss), calculated in the manner established by regulatory legal acts on accounting of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as accounting profit (loss), and the tax base for tax on profit for the reporting period (hereinafter referred to as taxable profit (loss), calculated in the manner prescribed by law

The paragraph has lost force since December 22, 2018 - Order

The provision provides for the reflection in accounting not only of the amount of income tax payable to the budget, or the amount of overpaid and (or) collected tax due to the organization, or the amount of tax offset in the reporting period, but also the reflection in accounting of amounts capable of influencing the amount of income tax for subsequent reporting periods in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. The provision may not be applied by organizations that have the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting.

Information about changes:

The name was changed from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

II. Permanent and temporary differences

Information about changes:

Clause 3 amended from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

3. The difference between accounting profit (loss) and taxable profit (loss) of the reporting period, resulting from the application of various rules for recognizing income and expenses, which are established in regulatory legal acts on accounting and the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees, consists of constant and temporary differences.

Information on permanent and temporary differences is generated in accounting either on the basis of primary accounting documents directly from the accounting accounts, or in another manner determined by the organization independently. In this case, permanent and temporary differences are reflected separately in accounting. In analytical accounting, temporary differences are taken into account differentiated by the types of assets and liabilities in the valuation of which the temporary difference arose.

By a participant in a consolidated group of taxpayers, temporary and permanent differences are determined based on its tax base included in the tax base for the consolidated group of taxpayers (hereinafter referred to as the consolidated tax base) in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees.

Constant differences

4. For the purposes of the Regulations, permanent differences mean income and expenses:

forming the accounting profit (loss) of the reporting period, but not taken into account when determining the tax base for income tax for both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods;

taken into account when determining the tax base for profit tax of the reporting period, but not recognized for accounting purposes as income and expenses of both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods.

Permanent differences arise as a result of:

the excess of actual expenses taken into account when forming accounting profit (loss) over expenses accepted for tax purposes, for which restrictions on expenses are provided;

non-recognition for tax purposes of expenses associated with the gratuitous transfer of property (goods, work, services), in the amount of the cost of the property (goods, work, services) and expenses associated with this transfer;

the formation of a loss carried forward, which after a certain time, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees, can no longer be accepted for tax purposes both in the reporting and subsequent reporting periods;

other similar differences.

Information about changes:

Clause 7 amended from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

7. For the purposes of the Regulations, constant tax expense (income) is understood as the amount of tax that leads to an increase (decrease) in tax payments for income tax in the reporting period.

A permanent tax expense (income) is recognized by the organization in the reporting period in which the permanent difference arises.

Fixed tax expense (income) is equal to the value determined as the product of the permanent difference that arose in the reporting period and the profit tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and in effect on the reporting date.

Temporary differences

Information about changes:

Clause 8 amended from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

8. For the purposes of the Regulations, temporary differences mean income and expenses that form accounting profit (loss) in one reporting period, and the tax base for income tax in another or other reporting periods, as well as results of operations not included in accounting profit (loss), but forming the tax base for income tax in another or other reporting periods. The temporary difference as of the reporting date is defined as the difference between the book value of an asset (liability) and its value accepted for tax purposes.

Information about changes:

Clause 9 amended from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

9. Temporary differences result in deferred income taxes.

For the purposes of the Regulations, deferred income tax is understood as an amount that affects the amount of income tax payable to the budget in the following reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods.

10. Temporary differences, depending on the nature of their impact on taxable profit (loss), are divided into:

deductible temporary differences;

taxable temporary differences.

Information about changes:

Clause 11 amended from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

11. Deductible temporary differences lead to the formation of deferred income tax, which should reduce the amount of income tax payable to the budget in the following reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods.

Taxable temporary differences result in deferred income tax, which is expected to increase the amount of income tax payable to the budget in the following or subsequent reporting periods.

Temporary differences arise as a result of:

application of different rules for assessing the historical cost and depreciation of non-current assets for accounting and tax purposes;

application of different methods for forming the cost of sold products, goods, works, services for accounting and tax purposes;

application, in the case of the sale of fixed assets, of different recognition rules for accounting purposes and taxation purposes of income and expenses associated with their sale;

revaluation of assets at market value for accounting purposes;

recognition in accounting of impairment of financial investments for which their current market value is not determined, inventories and other assets;

application of different rules for creating reserves for doubtful debts and other similar reserves for accounting and tax purposes;

recognition of estimated liabilities in accounting;

application of various rules for reflecting interest paid by an organization for providing it with funds (credits, borrowings) for use for accounting and tax purposes;

loss carried forward, not used to reduce income tax in the reporting period, but which will be accepted for tax purposes in subsequent reporting periods;

other similar differences.

12. No longer in force on December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N (changes are applied by organizations starting with the accounting (financial) statements for 2020. The organization has the right to decide to apply the changes before the specified date)

III. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities, their recognition and reflection in accounting

Information about changes:

Clause 14 amended from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

14. For the purposes of the Regulations, a deferred tax asset is understood as that part of the deferred income tax, which should lead to a reduction in income tax payable to the budget in the following reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods.

An entity recognizes deferred tax assets in the reporting period in which deductible temporary differences arise to the extent that it is probable that it will generate taxable profit in subsequent reporting periods.

Deferred tax assets are reflected in accounting taking into account all deductible temporary differences, except for cases where it is probable that the deductible temporary difference will not be reduced or fully repaid in subsequent reporting periods, and also with the exception of the amount of loss received by a member of a consolidated group of taxpayers in the reporting period, taken into account when determining the consolidated tax base for this period.

The change in the value of deferred tax assets in the reporting period is equal to the product of deductible temporary differences that arose (settled) in the reporting period by the profit tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and in effect on the reporting date. In the event of a change in income tax rates in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees, the amount of deferred tax assets is subject to recalculation on the date preceding the date on which the changed rates begin to be applied, with the difference resulting from the recalculation being charged to the profit and loss account.

Deferred tax assets are reflected in accounting in a separate synthetic account for accounting for deferred tax assets.

Example of a deductible temporary difference that results in a deferred tax asset

Basic data

Organization "A" on February 20, 2003 accepted for accounting an item of fixed assets in the amount of 120,000 rubles. with a useful life of 5 years. The income tax rate was 24 percent.

For accounting purposes, the organization calculates depreciation by using the reducing balance method, and for the purpose of determining the tax base for income tax - the linear method.

When preparing financial statements and income tax returns for 2003, organization “A” received the following data:

The deductible temporary difference when determining the tax base for income tax for 2003 was:

20,000 rub. (40,000 rub. - 20,000 rub.)

The deferred tax asset when determining the tax base for income tax for 2003 amounted to:

20,000 rub. x 24%/100 = 4,800 rub.

15. For the purposes of the Regulations, deferred tax liability means that part of the deferred income tax that should lead to an increase in income tax payable to the budget in the next reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods.

Deferred tax liabilities are recognized in the reporting period in which taxable temporary differences arise.

The change in the amount of deferred tax liabilities in the reporting period is equal to the product of taxable temporary differences that arose (settled) in the reporting period by the income tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and in effect on the reporting date. In the event of a change in income tax rates in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees, the amount of deferred tax liabilities is subject to recalculation on the date preceding the date of commencement of application of the changed rates with the difference arising as a result of recalculation being charged to the profit and loss account.

Deferred tax liabilities are reflected in accounting in a separate synthetic account for accounting for deferred tax liabilities.

Example of a taxable temporary difference that gives rise to a deferred tax liability

Basic data

Organization "B" on December 25, 2002 accepted for accounting an item of fixed assets in the amount of 120,000 rubles. with a useful life of 5 years. The income tax rate was 24 percent.

For accounting purposes, the organization calculates depreciation using the linear method, and for the purpose of determining the tax base for income tax, using the non-linear method.

When preparing financial statements and tax returns for 2003, organization "B" received the following data:

The taxable temporary difference when determining the tax base for income tax for 2003 was:

RUB 16,130 (RUB 40,130 - RUB 24,000)

The deferred tax liability when determining the tax base for income tax for 2003 amounted to:

RUB 16,130 x 24%/100 = 3,871 rub.

IV. Income tax accounting

Information about changes:

Clause 20 amended from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

20. For the purposes of the Regulations, the amount of income tax determined on the basis of accounting profit (loss) and reflected in the accounting records regardless of the amount of taxable profit (loss) is a conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax.

The conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax is equal to the value determined as the product of the accounting profit generated in the reporting period and the income tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and in effect on the reporting date.

For the purposes of the Regulations, income tax expense (income) is understood as the amount of income tax recognized in the income statement as an amount that reduces (increases) profit (loss) before tax when calculating net profit (loss) for the reporting period. Income tax expense (income) is determined as the sum of current income tax and deferred income tax. In this case, deferred income tax for the reporting period is determined as the total change in deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities for this period, excluding the results of transactions not included in accounting profit (loss). A practical example of determining income tax expense (income) and related indicators is given in the appendix to the Regulations.

Information about changes:

Clause 21 amended from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

21. For the purposes of the Regulations, the current income tax is the income tax for taxation purposes, determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees.

Information about changes:

Clause 22 amended from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

22. The method for determining the amount of current income tax is fixed in the accounting policy of the organization.

An organization can use the following methods to determine the amount of current income tax:

based on data generated in accounting. In this case, the amount of the current income tax must correspond to the amount of the calculated income tax reflected in the income tax return;

based on the income tax return. In this case, the amount of the current income tax corresponds to the amount of the calculated income tax reflected in the income tax return.

The amount of additional payment (overpayment) of income tax due to the discovery of errors (distortions) in previous reporting (tax) periods, which does not affect the current income tax of the reporting period, is reflected in a separate item in the income statement (after the item of the current income tax) .

The current income tax by participants (including the responsible participant) of the consolidated group of taxpayers is formed on a separate account for accounting settlements with participants of the consolidated group of taxpayers. This account reflects in the accounting records of the responsible participant in the consolidated group of taxpayers the amount of income tax for the consolidated group of taxpayers as a whole, subject to payment by the responsible participant in the consolidated group of taxpayers to the budget on the basis of the consolidated tax base formed outside the accounting system in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees.

V. Disclosure of information in financial statements

23. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are reflected in the balance sheet as non-current assets and long-term liabilities, respectively.

Debt or overpayment of current income tax for each reporting period is reflected in the balance sheet, respectively, as a short-term liability in the amount of the unpaid amount of tax or receivables in the amount of overpayment and (or) excessively collected amount of tax.

Information about changes:

Clause 24 amended from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

24. Income tax expense (income), subdivided into deferred income tax and current income tax, is reflected in the income statement as an item that reduces profit (loss) before tax when forming net profit (loss) for the reporting period.

Income tax related to transactions not included in accounting profit (loss) is reflected in the income statement as an item that reduces (increases) net profit (loss) when forming the total financial result of the period.

The difference between the amount of current income tax calculated by a participant (including a responsible participant) of a consolidated group of taxpayers for inclusion in the consolidated tax base of a consolidated group of taxpayers, and the amount of funds due from the participant (participant) based on the terms of the agreement on the creation of a consolidated group of taxpayers, is disclosed in the statement of financial results separately and is designated as a redistribution of income tax within the consolidated group of taxpayers.

Information about changes:

Clause 25 amended from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

25. Explanations to the balance sheet and financial results statement disclose:

a) deferred income tax due to:

the occurrence (settlement) of temporary differences in the reporting period;

changes in tax rules, changes in applicable tax rates;

recognition (write-off) of deferred tax assets due to a change in the probability that the organization will receive taxable profit in subsequent reporting periods;

b) values ​​that explain the relationship between income tax expense (income) and profit (loss) before tax, including:

applicable tax rates;

conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax;

permanent tax expense (income);

c) other information necessary for users to understand the nature of indicators related to corporate income tax.

Information about changes:

The application was changed from December 22, 2018 - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 20, 2018 N 236N

Application
to the Accounting Regulations
accounting "Accounting for tax calculations
on the profit of organizations" PBU 18/02, approved
by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
dated November 19, 2002 N 114n
(as amended on February 11, 2008,
April 6, 2015, November 20, 2018)

A practical example of determining income tax expense (income) and related indicators

Basic data

When preparing financial statements for the reporting year by organization "A", the income statement reflects profit before tax (accounting profit) in the amount of 150,000 rubles. The tax base for income tax for the same period amounted to 280,000 rubles. The income tax rate was 20 percent.

At the end of the reporting year, the book value of the organization's assets was in total less than their value accepted for tax purposes by 50,000 rubles, and the book value of the organization's liabilities exceeded their value accepted for tax purposes by 15,000 rubles.

At the end of the previous year, the book value of the organization’s assets exceeded their value accepted for tax purposes by 70,000 rubles, and the book value of the organization’s liabilities exceeded their value accepted for tax purposes by 10,000 rubles.

1. Deferred tax liability at the beginning of the reporting period (end of the previous period)

Taxable temporary differences - 70,000 (RUB)

Deductible temporary differences - 10,000 (RUB)

Taxable temporary differences = 70,000 (RUB) - 10,000 (RUB) = 60,000 (RUB)

Deferred tax liability = 60,000 (rub.) x 20 / 100 = 12,000 (rub.)

2. Deferred tax asset at the end of the reporting period

Deductible temporary differences = 50,000 (RUB) +15,000 (RUB) = 65,000 (RUB)

Deferred tax asset = 65,000 (rub.) x 20 / 100 = 13,000 (rub.)

3. Deferred income tax for the reporting period = 13,000 (rub.) - (-) 12,000 (rub.) = 25,000 (rub.)

4. Current income tax = 280,000 (rub.) x 20 /100 = 56,000 (rub.)

5. Income tax expense for the reporting period = 25,000 (rub.) - 56,000 (rub.) = (-) 31,000 (rub.)

6. Conditional income tax expense = 150,000 (rub.) x 20 /100 = (-) 30,000 (rub.)

7. Fixed tax expense = (-) 31,000 (rub.) - (-) 30,000 (rub.) = (-) 1,000 (rub.)

8. Net profit

150,000 (RUB) + (-) 31,000 (RUB) = 119,000 (RUB)

150,000 (RUB) + (-) 30,000 (RUB) + (-) 1,000 (RUB) = 119,000 (RUB).

PBU, or Accounting Regulations, was approved back in 2002. It has been operating for more than 14 years, but many questions are still asked about the economic activities of the enterprise. The regulation was prescribed on the basis of an order of the Ministry of Finance in November 2002, then amendments were made in February 2008. Many organizations in their business activities use PBU 18/02 “Accounting for settlements”.

What is PBU

The abbreviation stands for “accounting regulations.” This is the most complex technical accounting program. Has many professional terms. Forces the accountant to make a lot of entries.

All accounting entries reflecting the profits and costs of enterprises are regulated by law (129-F3 PBU). The procedure for accepting income and expenses is established by the Tax Code. Therefore, discrepancies arise in tax legislation. The tax authorities often change laws, but accounting statements do not change. Tax changes affect income and expenses reported on returns.

Therefore, the technique of constant and variable differences is used. This system applies only to those organizations that operate under the main tax system.

Enterprises using special modes and those not using PBU 18/02:

• "STS" (simplified taxation system).
• "UTII" (single tax on imputed income).
• "Unified Agricultural Tax" (Unified Agricultural Tax).

PBU 18/02 is not used in small and medium-sized businesses. The new accounting program does not apply to organizations that deal with loans or to budget organizations.

PBU 18/02 does not explain where permanent and variable differences arise. The information about the differences itself is recorded in the accounting department in the primary documents.

Therefore, if the PBU method was chosen, then it is imperative to register all the data in the accounting documents of the organizations. These discrepancies are documented in the selected sections.

Method used to provide reliable information on differences.

There are several ways to record differences that arise in the economic activities of organizations:

• When a company does not have a temporary difference, it is necessary to use analytics to the accounting accounts, separating expenses and income.
• If discrepancies arise in the accounting of temporary differences, the life of an accountant becomes seriously complicated. The more differences there are, the more difficult it is to maintain separate accounting. Therefore, maintaining off-system accounting is simply necessary. This is why the PBU 18/02 program is needed. Her tables will organize everything.

Non-system accounting itself implies a register of accounting data. Data is entered here and then reduced to a common denominator. It differs from 1C in that entries are made once, and not as double accounting entries.

What is meant by temporary differences?

If the income or expenses of an enterprise are recognized both in accounting and tax accounting, and the difference arose due to the time of their recognition, then this difference is considered temporary.

If temporary accounting discrepancies arise, deferred income taxes may arise. This is the amount that affects the amount of tax itself and, accordingly, is subject to payment to the state treasury in the next reporting period. Deferred tax is tax that will be paid in future reporting periods.

Temporary differences include:

• Differences that must be subtracted.
• Differences subject to tax.

The formation of temporary deductible differences occurs when expenses for tax accounting are reflected later, and income earlier. But in accounting it happens the other way around.

The tax that was deferred on temporary differences will subsequently reduce the amount of tax on income in future periods.

Example of time difference:

Iceberg LLC put the OS into operation in May 2016. The cost of the object was initially 50,000 rubles. The period of use of the facility is determined to be five years. In the analytical accounting of the company, the linear depreciation method was used, and in the accounting department write-offs were made in proportion to production volumes.

Therefore, the amounts of depreciation deductions for tax accounting and accounting are different. Therefore, every month there is a difference. By the end of the period for writing off fixed assets (they were determined for 5 years), the tax and accounting records will coincide and amount to 50,000 rubles. This difference is called temporary - after a certain period of time it will disappear.

Constant discrepancies are reflected in any one accounting. Perhaps it is accounting or tax accounting. It differs from temporary in that the difference is constantly present.

To record all such records, the PBU 18/02 program was developed. It saves all data and brings it to a single denominator. This can be seen in the example given.

On December 31, 2002, the Russian Ministry of Justice registered the order of the Russian Ministry of Finance dated November 19, 2002 No. 114 “On approval of the accounting regulations “Accounting for income tax calculations” PBU 18/02.” As we reported in the last issue of BUKH.1C, the 1C company in this regard plans to release new editions of accounting solutions of the 1C:Enterprise 7.7 system, which we will definitely inform our readers about. In the meantime, we invite you to familiarize yourself with the point of view of an independent specialist. Comments on the main provisions of the new PBU M. L. Pyatov, Ph.D., St. Petersburg State University.

What are “deferred taxes” and why should they be taken into account?

When reading the requirements of PBU 18/02, first of all, you should understand why this PBU was adopted. What is the meaning of additional and complex entries that reflect “non-existent” budget calculations in accounting? Why in practice do we need essentially “third accounting” - something between accounting and tax?

The fact is that the existing discrepancies between accounting and tax accounting, i.e. Between the rules that we follow when preparing accounting entries and the rules for calculating taxable bases and amounts of taxes payable to the budget, a situation is created where the indicators reflected in the financial statements and the organizations’ tax payment obligations do not correspond at all with each other.

For an accountant, such discrepancies are obvious and understandable. However, the trouble is that he prepares reports not for himself, but for a wide variety of groups of users of accounting information, primarily for shareholders (owners), who are sometimes far from accounting and its complex and incomprehensible methodology. For example, it may be completely incomprehensible why an organization must pay income tax, the amount of which is three times higher than the amount of profit shown in the balance sheet, or, conversely, having a huge profit in the reporting period, the organization owes virtually nothing to the budget.

Correct reading and use of accounting information is possible only if accounting statements are built on the basis of the same principles and rules. This is necessary to ensure that individual reporting elements are comparable. If, for example, we recognize income in accounting based on the accrual method, and in tax accounting based on the cash method, then the obligation to the budget to pay tax will be calculated on the basis of the cash method. And this will make the profit reflected in the reporting - on the one hand, and the amount of debt to the budget - on the other, incomparable in terms of the time component.

Moreover, the discrepancy in the rules for the distribution (recognition) of the amounts of income, expenses and profits in accounting and tax accounting over reporting periods also affects the amounts of real cash flows of organizations. “Overpayment” of tax relative to accounting data in the current reporting (tax) period creates tax savings in future reporting periods, and, conversely, “underpayment” of tax, creating potential liabilities to the budget in the current period, increases the amount of real tax debt, which will arise in the future, which makes it necessary to reserve available funds for upcoming payments to the budget.

This state of affairs requires the introduction of indicators into the financial statements that reflect the relationship between the accounting and tax interpretation of the facts of economic life. In international accounting standards, discrepancies between financial and tax reporting data are expressed through the category “deferred taxes”.

The procedures for accounting for deferred taxes are already familiar to Russian practicing accountants in connection with accounting for VAT calculations with the budget. Taking into account the facts of the sale of products, goods (works, services), organizations that have chosen in the order on accounting policy for tax purposes “the moment of sale - payment”, until the termination of the buyers’ obligations under the credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” reflect the potential “deferred "debt to the budget for VAT. This debt becomes an actual tax debt once the buyers have received money from them or otherwise settled their obligations. At the time of sale of goods, making entries on the debit of account 90 “Sales”, subaccount 3 “Value added tax” and the credit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” allows, therefore, to take into account among the expenses that reduce the profit from sales, which is calculated based on the accrual principle, i.e. as sales are recognized (clause 12 of PBU 9/99), and VAT is also accrued, i.e. not when the money is received, but when the goods are sold. This technique allows you to avoid overestimating the organization’s profit reflected in the financial statements by the amount of VAT that will need to be paid next year on the sales turnover of the current year. On the other hand, account 19 “VAT on acquired assets” reflects the potential (i.e. future, deferred) budget debt to the organization for reimbursement (offset) of VAT paid to suppliers.

PBU 18/02 establishes the rules for accounting for “deferred” taxes that may occur in settlements with the budget for income tax.

The general meaning of the methods of PBU 18/02

The general purpose of deferred tax accounting is to reflect the consequences of situations in which the amount of accounting profit differs from taxable profit. This is achieved by reflecting in the accounting accounts that in the current reporting period the organization either “overpays” or “underpays” income tax to the budget relative to the amount of tax that it would have to pay if the amount of taxable profit was equal to the accounting profit.

The use of the proposed methods allows you to reflect in accounting not only the amount of income tax payable to the budget, or the amount of overpaid and (or) collected tax due to the organization, or the amount of the tax offset in the reporting period, i.e. actual settlements with the budget for income tax, but also amounts that can affect the amount of income tax for subsequent reporting periods in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation (clause 1 of PBU 18/02).

This is achieved by introducing into accounting terminology such completely new concepts for our practice as permanent and temporary differences between accounting profit (loss) and taxable profit (loss) of the reporting period, resulting from the application of various rules for recognizing income and expenses in accounting and tax accounting.

Permanent differences between accounting and taxable profits and permanent tax liabilities

According to paragraph 4 of PBU 18/02, permanent differences are understood as income and expenses that form the accounting profit (loss) of the reporting period and are excluded from the calculation of the tax base for income tax for both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods.

The PBU provides examples of possible situations where permanent differences may arise. The given list is by no means exhaustive, but the general meaning here is that the independent existence of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and accounting regulations and, accordingly, the independent existence of the rules by which the amount of profit reflected in the financial statements and the amount of profit in tax returns is calculated, creates situations when income and expenses affecting the amount of accounting profit do not affect taxable profit and, conversely, affecting the amount of taxable profit, are not taken into account when calculating accounting profit. However, their recognition is not carried forward to future reporting periods, but is canceled in principle. Those. in this case, for example, the amount of expense in the current reporting period that changed accounting profit, but did not reduce payments to the budget, will never reduce taxable profit.

PBU 18/02 prescribes to reflect the impact of permanent tax differences on the financial position of organizations in accounting through special entries in analytical and synthetic accounting for accounts whose turnovers and balances are formed by these incomes and expenses. According to clause 5 of PBU 18/02, information on permanent differences can be generated on the basis of primary accounting documents: either in accounting registers, or in another manner determined by the organization independently. Paragraph 6 of PBU 18/02 establishes that permanent differences in the reporting period are reflected in accounting separately (in the analytical accounting of the corresponding account for assets and liabilities in the valuation of which a permanent difference arose). So, for example, an organization manufactures products whose unit cost is 300 rubles. 50 of them are expenses that do not reduce the amount of taxable profit. When reflecting the corresponding expenses in accounting, we will have to make entries on the credit of accounts for materials, calculations, depreciation, etc. for 300 rub. and debit accounts: account 20 "Main production", analytical account 1 "Costs that reduce the amount of taxable profit" - 250 rubles, and account 20 "Main production" - analytical account 2 "Costs that do not reduce the amount of taxable profit" - 50 rubles .

In accordance with paragraph 7 of PBU 18/02, the consequence of permanent tax differences is the emergence of a permanent tax liability, which is understood as the amount of tax leading to an increase in tax payments for income tax in the reporting period. It is calculated as the product of the permanent difference that arose in the reporting period and the profit tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and in force on the reporting date.

Reflecting a permanent tax liability in accounting, we distinguish from the total amount of profit reflected in accounting, which must be given to the budget in the form of tax, that part of it that we give due to differences in accounting and tax interpretation of the facts of economic life, which form permanent differences. An entry is made in the debit of account 99 “Profits and losses” (sub-account “Permanent tax liability”) in correspondence with the credit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”. Thus, from the financial statements we can see what part of the profit the organization gives to the budget due to the non-recognition of part of the income and expenses shown in the accounting for the purposes of determining taxable profit.

Temporary differences between accounting and taxable profits

The second group of tax differences arising as a result of differences applied in accounting and tax accounting is defined as temporary differences, by which PBU 18/02 understands income and expenses that form accounting profit (loss) in one reporting period, and the tax base for income tax in another or in other reporting periods. In other words, these are the amounts of income and expenses that occurred and were reflected in accounting in accordance with the requirements of PBU 9/99 and 10/99 in the current reporting period. These income and expenses are not taken into account when calculating taxable profit, but in future (future) reporting periods their amounts, in accordance with the requirements of tax legislation, will have to be taken into account when calculating taxable profit. The corresponding income and expenses in future periods will be recognized for tax purposes, and organizations that have them will either have to pay more taxes in future reporting periods relative to their accounting profits, or, conversely, will receive the illusion of tax savings. This means that temporary differences in the formation of taxable profit lead to the formation of deferred income tax equal to the amount that affects the amount of income tax payable to the budget in the following reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods.

Depending on the nature of their impact on taxable profit (loss), PBU 18/02 divides temporary differences into:

• deductible temporary differences;
• taxable temporary differences.

According to clause 11 of PBU 18/02, deductible temporary differences in the formation of taxable profit (loss) lead to the formation of deferred income tax, which should reduce the amount of income tax payable to the budget in the following reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods. Thus, deductible temporary differences occur when in the current reporting period the organization's accounting profit is less than its taxable profit. This difference will be adjusted in subsequent reporting periods, due, for example, to the recognition in tax accounting of expenses recognized and reflected in accounting already in the current period.

According to clause 12 of PBU 18/02, taxable temporary differences in the formation of taxable profit (loss) lead to the formation of deferred income tax, which should increase the amount of income tax payable to the budget in the following reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods. Here we see the opposite situation. Due to differences in the criteria for recognizing income and expenses in accounting and tax accounting, taxable profit in the current reporting period is less than the accounting profit. In future reporting periods, this will be adjusted in that, for example, expenses recognized in tax accounting in the current period will be recognized in accounting, but taxable profit will no longer be reduced. This means that the payment of tax on the amount of accounting profit is “carried forward” to future reporting periods.

By analogy with permanent tax differences, paragraph 13 of PBU 18/02 requires that deductible temporary differences and taxable temporary differences of the reporting period be reflected in accounting separately (in the analytical accounting of the corresponding account for assets and liabilities in the assessment of which the deductible temporary difference or taxable difference arose). time difference).

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities

Reflection of the impact of deductible and taxable temporary differences on the financial position of organizations is achieved by presenting information on deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in the financial statements. Accordingly, the presence of deductible temporary differences - “overpayment” of tax relative to the amount of accounting profit of organizations - determines the appearance of tax assets; Taxable temporary differences - "underpayment" of tax - create deferred tax liabilities. In fact, “overpayment” and “underpayment” of tax are illusions, a kind of optical illusion that arises when getting acquainted with financial statements due to the fact that accounting and taxable profits are calculated according to different rules.

This leads to the following definitions and algorithms for calculating amounts.

According to paragraph 14, a deferred tax asset is understood as that part of the deferred income tax that should lead to a reduction in income tax payable to the budget in the following reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods. Deferred tax assets are equal to the amount determined as the product of deductible temporary differences that arose in the reporting period by the income tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and in effect on the reporting date.

According to paragraph 15, deferred tax liability is understood as that part of deferred income tax that should lead to an increase in income tax payable to the budget in the following reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods. Deferred tax liabilities are equal to the amount determined as the product of taxable temporary differences that arose in the reporting period by the income tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and in effect on the reporting date.

Thus, a deferred tax asset in accounting is the amount of diverted funds, i.e. funds of assets temporarily withdrawn from circulation due to a reduction in the organization’s own sources of funds, which will be reimbursed in future periods through the redistribution of income and expenses between accounting and tax accounting.

Deferred tax liability is the amount of potential debt to the budget, adjusting the amount of accounting profit, which, due to the “late” (relative to tax accounting) recognition of expenses in the current reporting period, exceeds taxable profit. This adjustment makes it possible to remove possible misconceptions among owners regarding the amount of profit to be distributed, part of which in future reporting periods will have to be given to the budget in the form of income tax.

Reflection of deferred tax assets and liabilities in accounting accounts

PBU 18/02, without making changes to the nomenclature of the chart of accounts for accounting (probably this is a matter of the near future), determines that deferred tax assets are reflected in accounting in a separate synthetic account for accounting for deferred tax assets, and deferred tax liabilities are reflected in accounting accounting on a separate synthetic account for accounting for deferred tax liabilities.

According to clause 17, a deferred tax asset is reflected in accounting as a debit to the account for accounting for deferred tax assets in correspondence with the account for accounting for settlements of taxes and fees.

As deductible temporary differences decrease or are fully settled, deferred tax assets will decrease or be fully settled. Amounts by which deferred tax assets are reduced or fully repaid in the current reporting period are reflected in accounting as a credit to the deferred tax assets account in correspondence with the account for settlements of taxes and fees.

If there is no taxable profit in the current reporting period, but there is a possibility that it will arise in subsequent reporting periods, then the amounts of the deferred tax asset will remain unchanged until the reporting period when taxable profit arises, unless otherwise provided by Russian tax legislation and fees.

A deferred tax asset upon disposal of the asset for which it was accrued is written off to the profit and loss account in the amount by which, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees, taxable profit will not be reduced for both the reporting period and subsequent reporting periods.

According to clause 18, the deferred tax liability is reflected in accounting as a credit to the account for accounting for deferred tax liabilities in correspondence with the debit of the account for accounting for settlements of taxes and fees.

As taxable temporary differences decrease or are fully settled, deferred tax liabilities will decrease or be fully settled.

Amounts by which deferred tax liabilities are reduced or fully repaid in the reporting period are reflected in accounting as the debit of the deferred tax liability account in correspondence with the credit of the account for accounting for settlements of taxes and fees.

The deferred tax liability upon disposal of an asset or type of liability for which it was accrued is written off to the profit and loss account in the amount by which, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees, taxable profit will not be increased for both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods .

To understand the general meaning of the posting schemes proposed by PBU 18/02, it is necessary to refer to the following text of the regulatory document under consideration, where another fundamentally new concept for accounting practice is introduced - “conditional expense (conditional income tax income)”.

According to clause 20, the conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax is, for the purposes of the Regulations, the amount of income tax determined on the basis of accounting profit (loss) and reflected in the accounting records regardless of the amount of taxable profit (loss).

The conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax is equal to the value determined as the product of the accounting profit generated in the reporting period and the income tax rate established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and in force on the reporting date.

The conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax is accounted for in accounting in a separate subaccount for accounting for conditional expenses (conditional income) for income tax to the account for accounting for profits and losses.

The amount of accrued contingent income tax expense for the reporting period is reflected in accounting as a debit to the profit and loss account (sub-account for accounting for contingent income tax expenses) in correspondence with the credit of the account for accounting for settlements of taxes and fees.

The amount of accrued conditional income for profit tax for the reporting period is reflected in accounting as a debit to the account for accounting for calculations of taxes and fees and a credit to the account for accounting for profits and losses (sub-account for accounting for conditional income for profit tax).

Thus, the essence of the proposed PBU 18/02 methodology is that the entire system of records reflecting deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities is constructed as a set of entries that adjust the entry for the accrual of income tax debt, compiled for the amount of tax at the rate calculated from accounting profit. This entry is defined in PBU as a reflection of conditional income or tax expense.

So, initially, based on the amount of profit calculated in accordance with accounting regulations and reflected in accounting under the credit of account 99 "Profits and losses", a pseudo-debt to the budget for income tax is accrued in the amount of tax on accounting profit, calculated at the tax rate in accordance with from ch. 25 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. A posting is made for this amount:

Debit 99 “Profits and losses” Credit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”

If the rules for calculating profit in accounting and tax accounting were completely identical, no other entries would be required.

However, they are not identical, and therefore we must then make adjustment entries, the purpose of which is to bring the amount reflected in account 68 to our actual income tax debt to the budget (or budget debt to our organization).

First of all, the amount of real debt relative to the conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax reflected in account 68 is increased by the amount of permanent tax liabilities, the amount of which, in accordance with clause 7 of PBU 18/02, we must make a debit entry for account 99 “Profits and losses”, sub-account “Permanent tax liability” and credit to account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”.

Further, if there are temporary taxable differences and, accordingly, deferred tax liabilities, the accounting should reflect the amount of the income tax liability that will arise in future reporting periods, but which is due to income and expenses already recognized in the accounting of the current reporting period and correspondingly affecting the amount of profit reflected in the financial statements of the current reporting period. For the amount of this deferred liability, in accordance with clause 18, an entry is made that reduces the amount of the pseudo-liability for income tax shown as a conditional expense (Debit 99 Credit 68) and at the same time reflects the fact that part of this pseudo-liability is a conditional debt to the budget, which will become a real debt for payment of tax in the future:

Debit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” Credit “Deferred tax liabilities”

In future reporting periods, a reverse entry is made for the amount of deferred tax liabilities that transform into real debt to the budget:

Debit "Deferred tax liabilities" Credit 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees"

Further, in the event of deductible temporary differences, i.e. in a situation where the taxable profit of an organization in the current reporting period exceeds its accounting profit, accounting should show an increase in real debt to the budget relative to the amount of conditional income tax expense due to additional diversion of the organization’s own sources of funds.

The following entry is made for the amount of the deferred tax asset in accordance with clause 17:

Debit "Deferred tax assets" Credit 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees"

In future reporting periods, when, in connection with the recognition of relevant income and expenses in accounting, the amount of conditional income tax expense exceeds the real amount of debt by the amount of conditional tax assets reflected in the previous reporting period, this difference must be adjusted by recording the corresponding amount for the debit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” and the credit of the account “Deferred tax assets”.

The preparation of the considered entries leads to the fact that account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” reflects the amount of real debt to the budget for income tax, defined in clause 21 as the current income tax.

Reflection of information on deferred tax assets and liabilities in the financial statements

Paragraph 19 establishes that when preparing financial statements, an organization is given the right to reflect in the balance sheet the balanced (collapsed) amount of a deferred tax asset and a deferred tax liability.

Reflection in the balance sheet of the balanced (collapsed) amount of a deferred tax asset and a deferred tax liability is possible if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

a) the presence of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities in the organization;
b) deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are taken into account when calculating income taxes.

The final regulations of PBU 18/02, which do not require special comments, establish that the current income tax (current tax loss) for each reporting period must be recognized in the financial statements as a liability equal to the amount of the unpaid tax.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are reflected in the balance sheet as non-current assets and long-term liabilities, respectively.

Continuous tax liabilities, deferred tax assets, deferred tax liabilities and current income taxes (current tax loss) are recorded in the income statement.

If there are permanent tax liabilities, deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities that adjust the indicator of conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax, the following are disclosed separately in the explanations to the balance sheet and profit and loss statement:

• conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax;
• permanent and temporary differences that arose in the reporting period and resulted in the adjustment of the conditional expense (conditional income) for income tax in order to determine the current income tax (current tax loss);
• permanent and temporary differences that arose in previous reporting periods, but resulted in an adjustment of the conditional expense (conditional income) for the income tax of the reporting period;
• the amount of permanent tax liability, deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability;
• reasons for changes in applied tax rates compared to the previous reporting period;
• the amounts of a deferred tax asset and a deferred tax liability written off to the profit and loss account in connection with the disposal of an item of asset (sale, transfer on a gratuitous basis or liquidation) or type of liability.

Boundaries of mandatory application of PBU 18/02

Concluding this article, it should be noted that according to clause 2 of PBU 18/02, it may not be applied by small businesses.

Let us remind you that according to Art. 3 of the Federal Law of June 14, 1995 No. 88-FZ "On State Support of Small Business in the Russian Federation", small business entities are understood as commercial organizations in the authorized capital of which the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, public and religious organizations (associations) have a share. , charitable and other funds does not exceed 25%, the share owned by one or more legal entities that are not small businesses does not exceed 25% and in which the average number of employees for the reporting period does not exceed the following maximum levels (small enterprises): in industry - 100 people; in construction - 100 people; on transport - 100 people; in agriculture - 60 people; in the scientific and technical field - 60 people; in wholesale trade - 50 people; in retail trade and consumer services - 30 people; in other industries and when carrying out other types of activities - 50 people.

Small enterprises carrying out several types of activities (multi-industry) are classified as such according to the criteria of the type of activity whose share is the largest in the annual turnover or annual profit.

The average number of employees of a small enterprise for the reporting period is determined taking into account all its employees, including those working under civil contracts and part-time, taking into account the actual time worked, as well as employees of representative offices, branches and other separate divisions of the specified legal entity.

At the same time, paragraph 3 of Art. 3 of the Law specifically establishes that if a small enterprise exceeds the number established by this article, the specified enterprise is deprived of the benefits provided for by current legislation for the period during which the specified excess was allowed, and for the next three months.

Accounting and tax accounting have different rules for recognizing profit. Therefore, accounting profit may differ from tax profit. The difference between these profits is formed from temporary and permanent differences (clause 3 “Accounting for calculations of corporate income tax” PBU 18/02, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 19, 2002 No. 114n).

Temporary differences

So, accounting profit is different from tax profit. In this case, the conditional accounting profit tax (CAPT) will differ from the current profit tax reflected in the income tax return (TNP).

In order for the amount of income tax accrued in accounting to coincide with TNP, it is necessary to reflect the differences between URNP and TNP according to the rules of PBU 18/02 (clause 1 of PBU 18/02).

Temporary differences arise when expenses (income) are recognized both in accounting and tax accounting in the same amount, but in different periods (clause 8 of PBU 18/02).

If expenses are first recognized in accounting, and in subsequent periods - in tax accounting (or vice versa), then a deferred tax asset (DTA) must be recognized.

If expenses are first recognized in tax accounting, and in subsequent periods - in accounting (or vice versa), then a deferred tax liability (DTL) must be recognized.

What are the temporary differences?

Depending on the nature of the impact on taxable profit (loss), temporary differences are divided into deductible and taxable temporary differences.

Deductible temporary differences will presumably reduce the amount of income tax payable to the budget in the next reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods.

Taxable temporary differences will presumably increase the amount of income tax payable to the budget in the following reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods.

SHE, IT and temporary differences

If expenses are first recognized in accounting, and in subsequent periods - in tax accounting (or income is first recognized in tax accounting, and then in accounting), then a deductible temporary difference and a corresponding deferred tax asset (DTA) arise in accounting.

If expenses are first recognized in tax accounting, and in subsequent periods - in accounting (or income is first recognized in accounting and then in tax accounting), then a taxable temporary difference and a corresponding deferred tax liability (DTL) arise in accounting.

Deferred tax assets (DTA) in accounting

IT occurs, in particular, when:

• sale of a fixed asset (FPE) at a loss;
• carry forward tax losses;
• creating a reserve for vacation pay, if it is formed only in accounting.

Also, IT may arise if income from a transaction is recognized in tax accounting earlier than in accounting.

Due to the fact that expenses in accounting (income in tax accounting) are recognized earlier, in the period of the transaction the accounting profit is less than the tax profit.

IT for a specific operation is calculated using the formula:

SHE = The amount of accounting expenses that will be taken into account in tax accounting in the following periods X Profit tax rate (20%)

SHE = The amount of tax revenue that will be taken into account in accounting in the following periods X Profit tax rate (20%).

When expenses are recognized in tax accounting (income in accounting), tax profit and TNP will be less than accounting profit and URI.

As expenses are recognized in tax accounting (income in accounting), they are repaid.

The amount by which it is repaid is calculated using the formula:

Amount by which IT is repaid = Amount of expenses previously recognized in accounting and written off in tax accounting in the current period X Income tax rate (20%)

The amount by which it is repaid = The amount of income previously recognized in tax accounting and taken into account in accounting in the current period X Income tax rate (20%).

Thus, IT is a special type of asset, the amount by which TNP is reduced in subsequent tax periods. And the URNP increases by the same amount (clause 14 of PBU 18/02).

They are accounted for in account 09 “Deferred tax assets”. Postings for the recognition and repayment of IT will be as follows:

Debit 09 Credit 68

- SHE is reflected;

Debit 68 Credit 09

- SHE is extinguished

Example 1In 2017, the organization, according to accounting and tax records, received a loss from its core activities - 50,000 rubles. Based on the results of 2018, according to accounting and tax accounting data, a profit from core activities was received in the amount of 100,000 rubles. The organization decided to carry forward the loss in the amount of 50% of the tax base of the current period. In accounting, the carry forward of losses should be reflected as follows:

Now let's give an example of selling a fixed asset at a loss.

Example 2 Since December 2013, a woodworking machine with an original cost of 122,000 rubles has been included in depreciable property. The useful life in accounting and tax accounting is 61 months. On May 20, 2017, the machine was sold for RUB 35,400. (including VAT - 5400 rubles). The amount of accrued depreciation from January 2014 to May 2017 (41 months) is 82,000 rubles. (linear method is used). No depreciation bonus was accrued. We will make the necessary calculations.

Financial result from the sale of the machine: loss of 10,000 rubles. (35,400 rub. - 5,400 rub. - (122,000 rub. - 82,000 rub.)).

Remaining useful life of the machine: 20 months. (61 months - 41 months).

Amount of loss subject to recognition in tax accounting monthly since June 2015: 500 rubles. (RUB 10,000 / 20 months).

Loss from the sale of fixed assets in the amount of RUB 10,000. is a deductible temporary difference.

Therefore, it is necessary to accrue a deferred tax asset (DTA) - 20% of the amount of the loss. As the loss is recognized in tax accounting, the accrued ITA will be repaid.

The following entries must be made in accounting.

As of the date of sale of the fixed asset (05/20/2017):

As a result of these operations, the balance on account 09 will be equal to zero, which confirms the correctness of the calculations and application of PBU 18/02.

Reflection of deferred tax liabilities (DTL) in accounting

IT arises if expenses for a business transaction are recognized in tax accounting earlier than in accounting. This is possible, for example, when applying bonus depreciation.

In addition, IT may appear if income is recognized in accounting earlier than in tax accounting. Thus, the cost of materials received during the liquidation of an operating system is reflected in accounting in income at the time the materials are accepted for accounting, and in tax accounting - on the date of drawing up the liquidation act (clause 13 of article 250, subclause 8 of clause 4 of article 271 of the Tax Code RF). Therefore, if work to liquidate an asset continues for a long time, then income in the form of the cost of materials in accounting may be recognized earlier than in tax accounting.

Due to the fact that expenses in accounting are recognized later (or income is recognized earlier), in the period of the transaction, accounting profit and the corresponding income tax return are greater than tax profit and consumer goods.

IT for a specific transaction (the amount of excess of URNP over consumer goods) is calculated using the formula:

IT = The amount of tax expenses that will be taken into account in accounting in the following periods X Profit tax rate (20%);

IT = The amount of accounting income that will be taken into account in tax accounting in the following periods X Profit tax rate (20%).

In subsequent reporting (tax) periods, the situation will be the opposite.

When expenses are recognized in accounting (income in tax accounting), tax profit will be greater than accounting profit.

And as expenses are recognized in accounting (income in tax accounting), IT is repaid:

The amount for which the tax is repaid = The amount of expenses previously recognized in tax accounting and written off in accounting in the current period x Income tax rate (20%);

The amount for which the tax is repaid = The amount of income previously recognized in accounting and taken into account in tax accounting in the current period x Income tax rate (20%).

Thus, IT is a special type of obligation, the amount by which in subsequent tax periods TNP will be greater than URNP (clause 15 of PBU 18/02).

IT is accounted for in account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities”.

Postings for recognition and repayment of IT will be as follows:

Debit 68 Credit 77

- IT is reflected;

Debit 77 Credit 68

- IT is extinguished.

Example 3 In January 2017, the organization installed a video surveillance system belonging to depreciation group III, costing 70,800 rubles. (including VAT – 10,800 rubles).

The useful life is set at 60 months. The depreciation rate is 1.6666% (1/60).

Depreciation in accounting for it will be accrued from February 2016.

The initial cost of the fixed asset in accounting will be 60,000 rubles. (70,800 - 10,800).

The monthly amount of accounting depreciation since February 2017 is 1000 rubles. (RUB 60,000 × 1.6666%).

Tax accounting in January 2017 will take into account the entire cost of equipment in the amount of 60,000 rubles.

There will be no expenses in accounting in January 2017, and in tax accounting the entire cost of the equipment will be written off.

In this regard, according to paragraphs 12, 15 of PBU 18/02, a taxable temporary difference (TDT) and a corresponding deferred tax liability (DTL) arise in the organization’s accounting, which is reflected as a credit to account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” in correspondence with the debit Account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees.”

Further, as depreciation is accrued, the resulting NVR and the corresponding IT are reduced (clause 18 of PBU 18/02). This is due to the fact that the amount of monthly depreciation deductions is recognized in accounting, but there will be no expenses in tax accounting.

That is, on the last day of each month IT decreases, which is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 77 and the credit of account 68.

The following entries must be made in the organization's accounting:

Now let's give an example of using bonus depreciation.

Example 4 In January 2017, the organization purchased equipment belonging to depreciation group IV, costing RUB 1,416,000. (including VAT - 216,000 rubles). In the same month, the equipment was put into operation; depreciation will be accrued from February 2017. Useful life - 65 months, depreciation rate - 1.5385% (1/65).

According to the accounting policy, for groups III – VII, a depreciation bonus in the amount of 30% of the original cost is provided.

The reporting periods for corporate income tax are quarter, six months, and nine months. We will make the necessary calculations/

The initial cost of the fixed asset is RUB 1,200,000. (1,416,000 - 216,000).

Depreciation bonus - 360,000 rubles. (RUB 1,200,000 × 30%). This amount will be included in expenses in the month following the month of commissioning, i.e. February 2017.

The amount from which depreciation will be calculated in tax accounting is 840,000 rubles. (1,200,000 - 360,000).

Monthly amount of tax depreciation, from February 2017 – 12,923 rubles. (RUB 840,000 × 1.5385%).

The monthly amount of accounting depreciation starting from February 2017 is RUB 18,462. (RUB 1,200,000 × 1.5385%).

Then, in the organization’s accounting in the first month of depreciation (in January), the amount of expenses is 18,462 rubles, and in tax accounting in the same month expenses in the amount of 372,923 rubles will be recognized. (RUB 360,000 + RUB 12,923).

• taxable temporary difference (TDT) - RUB 354,461. (RUB 372,923 – RUB 18,462) and
• the corresponding deferred tax liability (DTL) is RUB 70,892. (RUB 354,461 x 20%), which is reflected in the credit of account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities” in correspondence with the debit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”.

Further, in accordance with paragraph 18 of PBU 18/02, as depreciation is accrued (from March), the resulting NVR and the corresponding IT are reduced. Reason: the amount of monthly depreciation deductions recognized in accounting, i.e. 18,462 rubles, exceeds the amount of accrued depreciation in tax accounting (12,923 rubles). So, during the remaining period of using the OS, on the last day of each month, IT is reduced by 1108 rubles. ((18,462 rubles - 12,923 rubles) x 20%), which is reflected by the entry in the debit of account 77 and the credit of account 68.

The wiring diagram is as follows:

As a result of these operations, the balance on account 77 will be equal to zero, which confirms the correctness of the calculations and application of PBU 18/02.

Balance sheet

In the balance sheet ONA (debit balance of account 09) is reflected in line 1180 “Deferred tax assets”.

In the balance sheet, IT (credit balance of account 77) is reflected in line 1420 “Deferred tax liabilities.”

Income statement

The financial results report must reflect the difference in turnover between accounts 09 and 77 for the reporting year.

Line 2430 “Change in deferred tax liabilities”

So, in line 2430 “Change in deferred tax liabilities” of the Statement of Financial Results, it is necessary to show the turnover on the credit of account 77 minus the debit turnover.

If the credit turnover on account 77 exceeds the debit turnover, then the indicator in line 2430 “Change in deferred tax liabilities” will be positive.

However, it is included in the report in parentheses.

Line 2450 “Change in deferred tax assets”

In line 2450 “Change in deferred tax assets” of the Income Statement, you must show the turnover on the debit of account 09 minus the credit turnover on account 09.

If the credit turnover on account 09 exceeds the debit turnover, then the indicator in line 2450 “Change in deferred tax assets” will be negative.

In such a situation, it must be included in the report in parentheses.

When calculating net profit, it will be taken into account with a minus sign.

Constant differences

Thus, due to the difference in the recognition of income and expenses in accounting and tax accounting, accounting profit may not coincide with tax profit.

Then the conditional tax on accounting profit will not coincide with the current profit tax reflected in the income tax return.

In order for the amount of income tax accrued in accounting to coincide with the current income tax, it is necessary to generate differences according to the rules of PBU 18/02.

The difference between accounting and tax profit consists of temporary and permanent differences.

Permanent differences between accounting and tax profits arise if expenses (income) are recognized either only in accounting or only in tax accounting.

The presence of permanent differences entails the need to additionally charge or reduce the amount of income tax calculated on the basis of accounting profit.

Thus, a permanent difference is income (expense) reflected in the accounting accounts, which for tax purposes is not included in income (expenses).

At the same time, permanent differences mean those incomes (expenses) that are not included in the calculation of the tax base for income tax not only in the reporting period, but also in all subsequent periods.

Permanent differences may also arise in cases where any income (expense) is recognized solely for tax purposes.

However, these amounts are not reflected in accounting at all.

Due to the presence of such situations, the current income tax calculated according to tax accounting data will differ from the conditional tax on accounting income.

In this case, permanent tax liabilities (PNO) and permanent tax assets (PNA) arise.

Permanent tax liabilities (PNO) and permanent tax assets (PNA) are recognized in accounting when permanent differences arise.

PNO and PNA. When do they occur?

PNO arises if expenses for any operation can only be recognized in accounting, but they can never be taken into account in tax accounting.

This is, for example, the cost of property transferred free of charge, the cost of holding a banquet. Also, PNO may arise if income from any transaction is recognized only in tax accounting.

For example, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provides for the inclusion in income when calculating income tax of the cost of goods, works (services) received free of charge (clause 8 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

At the same time, accounting legislation does not provide for the reflection of the cost of such work (services) on accounting accounts.

Accordingly, an organization that received work (services) free of charge in the reporting period will have a permanent difference equal to the market value of these works (services) and PNO.

Due to the fact that expenses are recognized only in accounting (income - only in tax accounting), accounting profit turns out to be less than tax profit.

PNO is calculated using the formula:

PNO = Amount of expenses that are taken into account only in accounting x Income tax rate (20%)

PNO = The amount of income that is taken into account only in tax accounting x Profit tax rate (20%).

PNA arise when expenses are reflected only in tax accounting.

For example, the state duty paid when purchasing a land plot that is not intended for sale is included in the cost of the plot in accounting, and is recognized as other expenses in tax accounting.

Also, PNA may arise if income from any transaction is recognized only in accounting.

Due to the fact that expenses are recognized only in tax accounting (income - only in accounting), accounting profit is greater than tax profit.

PNA is calculated using the formula:

PNA = Amount of expenses that are taken into account only in tax accounting X Income tax rate (20%)

PNA = The amount of income that is taken into account only in accounting X Income tax rate (20%);

Reflection of PNO in accounting

Permanent tax liabilities are accounted for in accordance with the debit of account 99 “Profits and losses” in correspondence with the credit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”, a subaccount for accounting for calculations for income tax (clause 7 of PBU 18/02).

Accordingly, permanent tax assets are accounted for in the debit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”, a sub-account for accounting for calculations for income tax in correspondence with the credit of account 99 “Profits and losses”.

The postings will be like this:

Debit 99 subaccount “Fixed tax liabilities” Credit 68

- a permanent tax liability is reflected;

Debit 68 Credit 99 subaccount “Permanent tax assets”

- a permanent tax asset is reflected.

Reflection of PNO in financial statements

PNO and PNA are taken into account only in the month of the transaction (clause 7 of PBU 18/02), therefore they are not reflected in the balance sheet.

In the income statement, line 2421 “including permanent tax liabilities (assets)” indicates the difference in debit turnover for the subaccount “ Ongoing tax obligations" and credit turnover on the subaccount " Permanent tax assets" to account 99 “Profits and losses”.

Now let’s give an example of accounting for PNA and PNO when purchasing a land plot.

Example 5 The organization received from its founder (with a 100% share in the authorized capital of the organization) non-refundable financial assistance in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles.

This operation should be reflected as follows:

Debit 51 Credit 91-1

- 1,000,000 rubles - funds received free of charge are recognized as part of other income.

Funds received free of charge from the founder are not included in the tax base for income tax (subclause 11, clause 1, article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). The following entries must be made in accounting:

Debit 68 subaccount “Permanent tax assets” Credit 99 subaccount “Permanent tax assets”

- 200,000 rub. (RUB 1,000,000 x 20%) - a permanent tax asset is reflected.

Example 6 The organization gave its employee a car. The residual value of the generous gift at the time of transfer was 300,000 rubles.

In accounting, the cost of the donated car is reflected as part of other expenses:

Debit 91-2 Credit 01

- 300,000 rubles - the residual value of the car donated to the employee is written off.

For profit tax purposes, the cost of gratuitously transferred property is not taken into account as expenses that reduce the tax base (Clause 16, Article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Thus, in accounting in connection with the transfer of the car, a permanent difference and the corresponding PNO are formed. Accordingly, the following entries must be made in accounting:

Debit 68 Credit 99

Debit 99 subaccount “Permanent tax obligations”

Credit 68 subaccount “Permanent tax obligations”

- 60,000 rub. (RUB 300,000 x 20%) - reflects a permanent tax liability.

Example 7 The company purchased gift certificates: 12 pieces with a nominal value of 5,000 rubles. for transferring them to employees with the execution of gift agreements. Transactions for purchasing gift certificates and transferring them to employees should be reflected in accounting as follows:

Debit 60 Credit 71

- 60,000 rub. (5000 rub. x 12 pcs.) - gift certificates in the amount of 12 pieces were paid through an accountable person;

Debit 50-3 subaccount “Cash documents” Credit 60

- 60,000 rub. - 12 gift certificates were capitalized;

Debit 91-2 subaccount “Other expenses” Credit 50-3 subaccount “Cash documents”

- 60,000 rub. - gift certificates were given to employees under gift agreements.

Debit 91-2 subaccount “Other expenses” Credit 68/VAT

- 10,800 rub. (RUB 60,000 x 18%) – VAT is charged on the cost of gift certificates given to employees.

Expenses associated with the acquisition and transfer of certificates to employees are not taken into account when calculating income tax (Clause 16, Article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

In accounting, a permanent tax liability will be reflected in the following entry:

Debit 99 subaccount “Permanent tax liability” Credit 68 subaccount “Calculations for income tax”

- 14,160 rub. ((RUB 60,000+RUB 10,800) x 20%) - a permanent tax liability has been accrued.

Since the cost of a gift in the form of a gift certificate exceeds 4,000 rubles, the accountant is obliged to withhold personal income tax from the amount exceeding the non-taxable standard (clause 28 of article 217 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

Debit 70 Credit 68 subaccount “Personal Income Tax Payments”

- 1560 rub. (((5000 rub. - 4000 rub.) x 13%) x 12 people) - personal income tax is calculated on the income of each employee who received the certificate.