Features of tourism and recreational projects. Characteristics of recreational zones in Russia Creation of tourist and recreational special economic zones
Keywords: special, free, economic, zones, SEZ, SEZ, types of SEZ
Tourist and recreational zone- the territory in which tourism and recreational activities are carried out - the creation, reconstruction, development of tourism and recreation infrastructure facilities, the development and provision of services in the field of tourism.
Tourist and recreational zones are created to increase the competitiveness of tourism and other activities in the field of tourism, for the development of health resorts and activities for the organization of treatment and prevention of diseases, for the development and use of natural medicinal resources. The creation of tourist and recreational SEZs is of particular importance due to the fact that tourism is the most multiplying service sector in terms of the number of workers employed in it and the creation of additional jobs.
Tourist and recreational special economic zones are created in one or several areas of the territory determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
The fundamental difference between tourist and recreational SEZs from industrial production and technology innovation in that the emphasis in these zones is not on the production of any goods, but on provision of services to the population. The development and rational use of tourism and medical resources in the SEZ should contribute to economic growth in the region as a whole.
In Russia, SEZs of the tourist and recreational type (SEZ TRT) predominate. TRT SEZs have been identified Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 3, 2007 No. 67-73 on the basis of decisions of the competition commission for the selection of applications for the allocation of special economic zones of the tourist and recreational type and the expert council under the specified competition commission.
Goals and objectives of creating the SEZ TRT are: the development of tourism, the health resort sector and related industries in Russia’s GDP and thereby ensuring the diversification of the economy: increasing employment of the population: improving the health and quality of life of the population by increasing the availability of tourist and health resort services to citizens of the Russian Federation; preservation of the environment, natural and cultural values.
Special economic zones of the tourist and recreational type are created in one or several areas of the territory determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. SEZ TRT can be located on the territories of several municipalities, and also include the entire territory of any administrative-territorial entity. The placement of housing facilities is allowed in the TRT SEZ.
The functioning of the TRT SEZ is based on mechanism of public-private partnership. At the expense of the budget of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities, tourist and recreational type special economic zones are being created infrastructure facilities. Resident private investors use their own funds to build tourism industry facilities.
At the first stage of creating the TRT SEZ it was planned to carry out work on the development of project documentation and the formation of conditions for the start of the design and construction of infrastructure facilities and tourism industry facilities in tourist and recreational special economic zones.
In the first quarter of 2008, work was completed on developing concepts for the creation and development of the TRT SEZ. In these concepts, areas of tourism that are promising for development, the target positioning (purpose) of each zone are established, the required amount of investment is determined, tourist facilities that need to be built are identified, territory planning is carried out, and an architectural style is selected. Below is a summary of the concepts for the creation and development of the TRT SEZ.
SEZ TRT "Turquoise Katun" in the territory Altai Territory has an area of 3326 hectares. The location of the site is the northern slope of the Altai Mountains. in the area of Red Stone Mountain, on the left bank of the river. Katun. It is planned to develop the following types of tourism in the zone: sports; ecological; medical and recreational: speleotourism; business. The calling card of Turquoise Katun will be extreme sports: mountaineering, skiing, trekking, paragliding, water sports (rafting, kayaks). SEZ TRT "Biryuzovaya Katun" is characterized by a higher degree of infrastructure readiness than in other zones. Currently, there are artificial reservoirs for swimming and fishing, 2 ski slopes, 3 year-round hotel complexes, as well as a bridge across the river. Katun, connecting the Chuysky Trakt highway with the territory of the special economic zone.
SEZ TRT “Gates of Baikal” is in Irkutsk region. It is located on the southwestern coast of Lake Baikal near the mouth of the river. Goloustnaya and borders the Pribaikalsky National Park. The distance to Irkutsk airport is 115 km. The total area of the SEZ territory is 1590 hectares. The tourist and recreational complex is positioned as an all-season, world-class resort to attract various target groups of tourists from Russia, the CIS countries, Europe and Asia. The tourist and recreational potential of the TRT SEZ will allow the development of such types of tourism as business, medical and health, environmental, sports, adventure, water, and cruise.
SEZ TRT “Curonian Spit” in the territory Kaliningrad region, area is 282 hectares. The tourist and recreational potential of the TRT SEZ makes it possible to develop the following types of tourism: ecological; health; cultural and entertainment; business; sightseeing; informative. The special economic zone “Curonian Spit” in the Kaliningrad region will cease to exist. As stated in the relevant government decree dated December 22, 2012, during the five years of work, not a single resident was registered there. The zone was created in 2007 in the Zelenogradsky district of the Kaliningrad region, however, during its entire existence it failed to attract investment, and not a single resident was registered in it. Funding for infrastructure creation has been suspended since March 2009.
SEZ TRT “New Anapa” on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory is located between the Black Sea and two estuaries located on the Blagoveshchensk Spit. The construction site is located 28 km from Anapa airport and 25 km from the nearest railway station. The total area allocated for the creation of the TRT SEZ is 882 hectares. The potential of the TRT SEZ makes it possible to develop comfortable beach and health-improving holidays, as well as business, water and other areas of tourism.
SEZ TRT "Altai Valley" in the territory Republic of Altai located in the Mayminsky district, near the settlements of Souzga and Rybalka on the right bank of the river. Katun. The distance to Gorno-Altaisk Airport is 10 km. The area allocated for the TRT SEZ is 855 hectares. The tourism and recreational potential of the TRT SEZ will allow the development of the following types of tourism: ski tourism; ecological; water; cultural and entertainment; medical and recreational.
SEZ TRT "Baikal Harbor" in the territory Republic of Buryatia is located on five sites - “Turka”, “Sands”, “Bychya Mountain”, “Bezymyannaya Bay”, “Gremyachinsk”, located in close proximity to Lake Baikal on the territory of the municipal formation “Pribaikalsky District”. The total area allocated for the creation of the TRT SEZ is 3283.65 hectares. The tourist and recreational potential of the TRT SEZ will allow the development of: environmental, health-improving, excursion, water, ethnic, automobile (caravanning) tourism.
SEZ TRT "Grand Spa Yutsa" in the territory Stavropol Territory located in the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody region in the Yutsa Mountain area, 10 km from Pyatigorsk and 35 km from Mineralnye Vody airport. The area of the TRT SEZ is 843 hectares. The main goal of the project is to create a modern balneological resort, improve service, create a wide range of entertainment opportunities for vacationers and develop various types of tourism, including: medical and health (balneological), environmental, sports (extreme), event, educational.
Based on these concepts, in 2008, planning projects for the territory of the TRT SEZ were developed and approved in the Altai Territory, in the Altai Republic, in the Republic of Buryatia, in the Krasnodar Territory and Stavropol Territory. Also in 2008, the Supervisory Boards of the TRT SEZ were created.
During the period 2009-2011. It was planned to carry out the main work on the construction of engineering, transport and other infrastructure of the TRT SEZ. However, the process of development of the TRT SEZ has slowed down. To date, land issues have been resolved for each SEZ, in addition to the concepts of the TRT SEZ, urban planning documentation has been developed, and construction of a number of infrastructure facilities has begun. According to experts, the tourist and recreational SEZ “Biryuzovaya Katun” is developing most actively in the Altai Territory. Investments in its development in 2009 amounted to 3.4 billion rubles, and the number of resident companies in it reached six. The total cost of the project to create Turquoise Katun will be over 15.4 billion rubles.
The long-term global trend in the development of SEZs indicates that tax incentives are not the main incentive for the influx of investment. More significant and significant in this regard may be political stability, investment guarantees, quality of infrastructure, workforce qualifications, simplification of administrative procedures, and the prospect of developing the national market.
The reasons hindering the development of the TRT SEZ include: include the following:
1. Insufficient funding. Due to the crisis, the amount of financing for the construction of infrastructure in the TP SEZ has been reduced by almost 2 times. In 2010, 2.2 billion rubles were allocated from the federal budget for the development of the TRT SEZ.
2. A relatively small amount of benefits, compared to other countries, provided to the investor. According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, SEZ residents are provided with the following guarantees and tax benefits: when calculating income tax, apply a reduced tax rate of up to 13.5%: exemption from paying land and property taxes for 5 years.
3. Lack of qualified specialists, including those familiar with environmental requirements and standards.
4. The slowness of the federal authorities in resolving issues of the functioning of the SEZ. SEZ TRT are developing most successfully in regions whose authorities have shown maximum initiative, constantly pushing the center to take more active action. In this sense, one can positively assess the latest trends towards the transfer of additional powers in this area to the constituent entities of the Federation.
5. Poor awareness of investors, especially foreign ones, about the possibilities of domestic TRT SEZs.
At the level of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, measures are being taken to create favorable conditions for the development of the TRT SEZ. Among them: the formation of a simplified administration system, when all services necessary for a resident are located in one office; implementation of electronic document management; strict regulation of work deadlines based on requests from residents; holding seminars and presentations, meetings with potential residents of Russian SEZ TRT.
One of the tools for attracting investment and increasing the efficiency of interaction between business and government in the modern economy is the creation of special economic zones (SEZs). They are designed to solve many important problems related to the injection of foreign capital, the implementation of regional policies, providing employment to the population and stimulating the export of goods and services. The logic of creating OE3 is due to the desire for integration with the world economy or the need to develop certain types of activities that are of great importance for the national economy. Special economic zone is a part of the territory of the Russian Federation determined by the Government of the Russian Federation, in which a special regime for carrying out business activities operates. This is a limited territory with a special legal status in relation to the rest of the territory and preferential economic conditions for national and/or foreign entrepreneurs. The main goal of creating such zones is to solve strategic problems of the development of the state as a whole or a separate territory, including: - development of manufacturing and high-tech sectors of the economy; - production of new types of products, development of the export base and import-substituting industries; - development of tourism and the health resort sector ; - attracting foreign direct investment; - creating new jobs for highly qualified personnel; - testing new methods of management and labor organization; - reducing the level of corruption. From the point of view of investors, the creation of a SEZ contributes to the achievement of such goals as the development of new markets, bringing production closer to the consumer, minimizing costs associated with the absence of export and import customs duties, access to infrastructure. Special economic zones are usually classified, first of all, according to the functions they perform: - Free trade zone (FTA) - a territory outside the national customs territory. In such a zone, operations for storing goods and their pre-sale preparation are carried out. - Industrial production zone (IPZ) - part of the national customs territory, within which the production of specific industrial products is established; at the same time, investors are provided with various benefits. - Technology-innovation zone (TVZ) - a territory outside the national customs territory, within which research, design, design bureaus and organizations are located. Examples of TVZs are technology parks and technopolises. - Tourist and recreational zone (TRZ) - the territory in which tourist and recreational activities are carried out - the creation, reconstruction, development of tourism and recreation infrastructure facilities, development and provision of services in the field of tourism. - Port zone - created on the territory of seaports open to international traffic and the call of foreign ships, as well as in territories designated in accordance with the established procedure for the construction, reconstruction and operation of a seaport. Today in Russia there are special economic zones of four types: technology-innovation, industrial-production, port and tourist-recreational In addition, a Special Economic Zone operates throughout the entire territory of the Kaliningrad region, which has several features: the use of a free customs zone regime for the majority of goods imported into the territory of the region, the extension of the SEZ to the entire territory of the region, etc. At the end of 2009, in total in the territory 207 residents are registered in Russian SEZs.
Tourist and recreational special economic zones. One of the types of special economic zones is tourist and recreational special economic zones (hereinafter referred to as TR SEZ), which are created for the development of tourism and recreation infrastructure facilities, development and provision of services in the field of tourism. There are quite a lot of mechanisms of special economic regulation in world practice, and they have existed for a long time, but at the same time, such a phenomenon as tourist and recreational zones is not widespread, and for Russia it is completely unique. Therefore, it is innovative in nature. The specific goals of creating a TR SEZ include: increasing the competitiveness of tourism activities, developing health resorts, developing activities to organize treatment and prevent diseases, meeting the needs of Russians and foreign tourists for affordable and high-quality recreation. In addition, they should stimulate the development of depressed regions, as well as regions that do not have sufficient industrial potential, help solve problems of equalizing the level of their economic development and improving the quality of life and employment of the population, ensuring the functioning of tourist and recreational special economic zones.
Methodologically, the characteristics of recreational areas should reflect the following aspects:
Geographical location of the zone and its constituent areas;
The action of the main factors of tourism development in a given territory (recreational needs of the local population, conditions for their satisfaction, recreational resources);
Characteristics of recreational potential - natural recreational resources (landscapes, bioclimate, hydromineral resources), the ecological state of the natural environment, historical and cultural potential (cultural heritage monuments and social infrastructure facilities), the degree of development of tourism infrastructure and the material base of tourism;
Functional structure of tourism and dominant destinations;
Problems and prospects of recreational development.
The characteristics of recreational areas should begin with a list of the subjects of the Federation included in the area, and the characteristics of recreational zones should begin in accordance with their geographical location on the recreational zoning scheme.
Zone I - European North of Russia
This zone occupies vast territories of the European part of Russia, conventionally located north of 57° N. w. In terms of the settlement of residents and, accordingly, the distribution of recreational needs in the region, this territory is extremely ambiguous: the southwestern part is densely populated, and in the rest of the territory the population density is low and settlement is dispersed. The North zone is distinguished by its richness and diversity of both natural recreational resources and cultural heritage, allowing for the development of all nature-oriented forms of tourism and excursion activities. Recreational resources in this zone are excessive in relation to the recreational needs of the local population, which over time can turn this zone into an open recreational system.
The landscapes of this zone are characterized by great functionality. The mountainous regions of Karelia and the Kola Peninsula, the mountain ranges of the Northern and Polar Urals make it possible to develop mountain tourism, rock climbing and sports rafting; flat areas are suitable for hiking, horseback riding and amateur rafting.
The territory of the European North is characterized by increased water flow. The zone is washed by 4 seas, has the highest lake content, numerous navigable rivers flow through it - Neva, Svir, Northern Dvina, Mezen, Pechora, connected by shipping canals - Volga-Baltic and White Sea-Baltic. Water bodies are suitable for cruise tourism, yachting and fishing. The European North occupies 2 natural zones: the north is occupied by tundra, the rest of the territory is taiga. The forests are favorable for therapeutic recreation, rich in fur-bearing animals, upland and marsh birds, which determines ample opportunities for the development of licensed hunting. Natural complexes are interesting for ecological tourism. The zone has numerous reserves, nature reserves and natural monuments. There are 5 national parks here and several more are being designed.
The territory is rich in hydromineral resources. Mineral waters are represented by radon waters (Urals, Karelia and the Kola Peninsula), sulfate, iodine-bromine, sodium chloride and ferruginous waters. In flat areas, mineral waters have an artesian distribution, they are easy to remove, and they have large reserves. Therapeutic mud of the zone is characterized by great diversity: freshwater peat, sapropel and mineralized silt sulfide mud of sea bays and lacustrine spring origin.
The bioclimatic conditions of the zone, despite its northern location, are relatively comfortable for recreation (moderately cold winters and moderately warm and cool summers), in contrast to the Asian North. In most of the territory, this allows for the development of year-round recreational facilities. The most uncomfortable factor is the insufficiency of insolation (light) and ultraviolet conditions, which adversely affects the health of the local population, but does not have a significant impact on visiting tourists.
The ecological state of the natural environment in the zone as a whole is quite calm, except for local pollution around large cities and industrial hubs, which should be considered a positive factor for the recreational development of the territory.
A comprehensive assessment of the natural recreational resources of the zone shows that it is favorable for the development of medical and recreational recreation in the southern part of the territory, sports and ecological tourism throughout the territory, with its concentration in the territories of existing and planned national parks.
The rich cultural heritage is represented by:
Archaeological monuments, including unique ones (White Sea petrocliffs);
Ethnographic settlements (Russian Pomeranians, Karelian, Nenets, Sami and Komi), centers of northern folk crafts - the cities of Kargopol, Veliky Ustyug, Kholmogory, Kirishi, etc.;
The most ancient cities;
Famous architectural ensembles of St. Petersburg and its suburbs;
Orthodox shrines - monasteries (Kirilovo-Belo-Ozersky, Ferapontov, Goretsky, Valaam, Solovetsky);
Historical ways;
Modern technical attractions (for example, the Cosmodrome in Mirny).
The Russian North is extremely rich in architectural monuments for religious and secular purposes. Orthodox shrines in Kizhi, Valaam, Solovetsky Islands, Kargopol, Vologda and Veliky Ustyug are world famous. St. Petersburg has enormous historical and cultural potential. This area is famous for its crafts: bone carving, artistic metalworking, lace making, etc.
The degree of recreational development of the Russian North varies from developed and moderately developed in the north-west (Leningrad region and Kola-Karelian region) to underdeveloped in the east and undeveloped in the north. According to functional specialization, this territory is divided into recreational and excursion (in the south and west) and sports (in the Polar and Northern Urals, in North Karelia and the Khibiny Mountains).
The territory is divided into 3 districts:
Leningradsky (Leningrad region) - developed, with a resort area on the Gulf of Finland and a network of recreational facilities in the vicinity of Luga. The main specialization is educational and health tourism;
Kola-Karelian (Murmansk region and the Republic of Karelia) - moderately developed, with a specialization in sports and ecological tourism;
The Russian North (Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions and the Komi Republic) is underdeveloped, with a specialization in educational, sports and ecological tourism.
Main tourist centers: St. Petersburg, Petrozavodsk, Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk.
The main problems of recreational development:
Ecological problems on the Kola Peninsula, southern Karelia and in the vicinity of St. Petersburg and Cherepovets;
Poorly developed road network in most of the territory, difficult accessibility to many historical monuments;
Lack of ultraviolet radiation and insolation in winter, limited duration of the swimming season in summer;
Distribution of blood-sucking insects in the taiga (midges, mosquitoes), high swampiness.
Prospects for the development of the Russian North:
Construction of roads and infrastructure in remote promising areas;
Organization of unique cruises in the northern seas with visits to Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Dikson, and the North Pole;
Using the exotic nature of the North to organize adventurous tours.
Zone II - Center of Russia
This zone includes the Central non-chernozem regions, the Upper Volga region, the Middle and Southern Urals and is the most densely populated part of Russia with the maximum recreational needs of the local population, combined with sufficient and diverse recreational resources to satisfy them.
Natural recreational resources are characterized by favorable landscape and climatic conditions, a wide distribution of mineral waters and medicinal mud. The landscapes are very diverse: from coastal ones on the Baltic coast in the Kaliningrad region to mountainous ones in the Urals. The territory is quite watered. The hydrographic network is represented by large rivers (Volga, Kama, Oka, Vyatka, Dnieper, Volkhov, Belaya, Chusovaya) with numerous tributaries, lakes (the largest are Chudskoye, Ilmen, Seliger, Valdayskoye) and reservoirs (Ivankovsky, Gorky, Kama, Rybinsky, Mozhaisky and others). The center is located in a forest zone transitioning from taiga (in the north) to a zone of mixed and deciduous forests (in the south). Landscapes are distinguished by high aesthetic qualities.
Natural conditions are favorable for the development of medical, health, and tourist recreation.
The central part of Russia is the most urbanized. The main centers of development of Russian civilization are concentrated on it. This territory has a very large historical and cultural potential. The main architectural monuments are located in regional centers: Pskov, Novgorod, Smolensk, Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir, Ryazan, Tula, Kaluga, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Orenburg. Moscow and the Moscow region are characterized by the greatest cultural heritage.
In addition to architectural monuments, the cultural potential of the region is distinguished by the wide distribution and wide variety of folk crafts (lacquer miniatures, porcelain and earthenware, weaving and embroidery, lace making, etc.).
The territory has good transport connections: a wide network of railways and roads, air traffic, shipping along the Volga, Kama, Oka, and the Volga-Baltic Canal.
High population density has created a great need for recreational services. All main types of recreational activities are developed in this territory: sanatorium-resort treatment, recreational recreation, sports tourism, children's recreation, country recreation, organization of short-term recreation, sports and ecological tourism.
Educational tourism has developed especially actively. Excursion bureaus of not only large but also small historical cities specialized in excursion services.
The tourism infrastructure is relatively well developed: many specialized hotels, restaurants, cafes. Cities have theaters and concert halls. There are institutes dealing with the problems of building tourist complexes and organizing recreation. This zone is characterized by the best transport connections in Russia.
Tourist centers are located both in regional and small historical cities (Ostashkovo, Staraya Russa, Torzhok, Valdai, Uglich, etc.). The largest tourist center in Russia is Moscow.
The recreational network within this territory is not developed evenly enough. It has maximum development in the Moscow region. The density of recreational facilities in the Western and Ural regions is much lower.
The Center zone is divided into 4 districts:
Western region, consisting of two subdistricts: Western Morskoy, occupying the Kaliningrad region, moderately developed, with a specialization in medical and recreational recreation, and Western Continental, covering the Pskov and Novgorod regions, moderately developed, with a specialization in educational, medical, recreational and ecological tourism;
Verkhnevolzhsky district occupies the Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions and the republics of Chuvashia and Mari El, - moderately developed, with a specialization in educational and health tourism;
central District, covering the Moscow, Smolensk, Bryansk, Belgorod, Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan and Vladimir regions, is the most developed in Russia, with a specialization in educational and health tourism;
Ural region, including the Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg regions and the republics of Bashkiria and Udmurtia, is moderately developed, with a specialization in sports, medical, health and ecological tourism.
Problems of recreational development of the Center of Russia:
Overlapping the interests of urbanization (expansion of industrial and civil development zones) with the development of recreation;
Multifunctional use of recreational areas, generating:
a) difficulties with organizing short-term suburban holidays for residents of large cities,
b) the imposition of various types of recreational activities on the same territory (short-term recreation in areas of therapeutic and recreational recreation, absorption of valuable therapeutic areas by dacha recreation);
Unevenness of recreational development of the territory;
Infrastructural inadequacy of this recreation;
Lack of enterprises serving tourists on roads, insufficient provision of railways with settling tanks to accommodate tourist trains;
Ecological problems:
a) pollution of recreational areas in urban areas,
b) the lack of an existing system for regulating recreational loads on suburban complexes of existing recreation areas,
c) the impending catastrophe of poisoning the waters of the Baltic Sea, buried at its bottom with chemical weapons of Nazi Germany.
Prospects for recreational development:
Formation of common inter-agglomeration territorial recreational systems along the Volga, Oka, Moskva Rivers of the unified system of OJSC “Golden Heritage of Rus'” and the unified system “Great Volga Way”;
Activation of recreational development of the Volga-Vyatka region, the Urals and the Urals;
Intensive development of natural recreational resources of the Center of Russia in order to compensate for the lost resort areas of the Baltic states;
Changing the boundaries of recreational areas due to more active development of the coasts of small rivers and lakes;
Creation of a network of recreational parks;
Formation of local tourist centers in historical small towns;
Regional recreational development of road infrastructure;
Increasing the restaurant and hotel stock at the expense of small enterprises (inns, taverns, hunting lodges, etc.);
Improving the quality of services and attractiveness of existing recreational facilities;
The introduction of non-traditional forms of recreation (bases for speleologists and hang gliders, “living noble estates”), the widespread development of pilgrimages, travel of tourist caravans, winter routes on snowmobiles, etc.
Zone III - South of Russia.
The south of Russia, in terms of the quality of recreational resources and the degree of their development, is divided into 3 categories: the developed Caucasian Black Sea coast, the moderately developed foothill and mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, the underdeveloped coasts of the Azov and Caspian Seas and the central black earth regions of the Russian Federation.
Central black earth regions, occupying poorly watered steppe and forest-steppe spaces, are characterized by limited natural recreational resources. Cities located in these areas are of particular interest for educational tourism. These are Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov, Penza, Voronezh, Belgorod. They are also the tourist centers of this territory. The orientation of this territory is to serve the local population. The remaining areas are of national importance. These include the Volga region with exceptionally favorable natural recreational resources in the Middle Volga region and a rich cultural heritage concentrated in famous tourist centers: Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Vologda and Astrakhan.
Azov and Caucasian coasts They are distinguished by good sandy beaches, a long swimming period (up to 120 days), mineral waters, estuary and lake silt mud, and are favorable for organizing therapeutic and recreational holidays. But due to the limited tourist infrastructure, the level of their recreational development is weak.
Until recently, they were among the most promising tourist centers for priority development. The prospects for the development of these areas are hampered by environmental factors and fluctuations in the level of the Caspian Sea, the rise of which in recent years has sharply reduced the areas of recreational development.
Main tourist centers: Rostov-on-Don, Makhachkala.
Black Sea coast of the Caucasus has extremely high recreational potential. The area is rich in natural recreational resources (warm sea, mountains covered with rich forest vegetation, various mineral waters and silt sulphide mud). Climatic conditions have some limitations in the form of thermal (overheating) and hydrothermal (stuffiness) discomfort in the summer.
The area is actively developed in terms of recreation. It has sufficient infrastructure: good transportation by railways and roads connecting all resort areas with each other and with other regions. There are 2 airports in the area (in Adler and Anapa), a sufficient number of modern hotels, restaurants, cafes. There is a network of cultural institutions. The Institute of Balneology is located in Sochi.
This area has long been developed by medical and health institutions. It can be divided into 4 resort areas: Greater Sochi, Tuapse, Greater Gelendzhik and Anapa.
Tourist centers: Sochi and Anapa.
North Caucasus region, occupying the foothill and low-mountain parts of the North Caucasus, it is extremely rich in natural recreational resources and educational tourism objects. In this area there is the oldest resort area in Russia - Caucasian Mineralnye Vody, consisting of 4 independent resorts (Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk) with a center in Pyatigorsk and an economic hub in Mineralnye Vody. Caucasian Mineral Waters are distinguished by a wide variety of types of mineral waters (sulfide, carbon dioxide, radon, sulfate, iodine-bromine). The resorts are supplied with silt sulfide mud from the Tambukan deposit.
The sanatorium network in this area is extremely developed, the level of service is the highest in the Russian Federation. Several more promising resort areas are being formed in the North Caucasus region: Krasnodar-Adygea with tourist centers in Krasnodar and Maykop, North Ossetia with a center in Vladikavkaz. These recreational areas are characterized by an average level of recreation development and specialization not only in medical recreation, but also in sports tourism. In the above mentioned tourist centers, sports tourism routes passing through the Mountainous Caucasus region begin. In the latter, several tourist complexes have developed, the largest of which are Dombay, Ar-khyz, Teberda, Elbrus, and Tsey. Zone South is divided into 7 districts:
South Russian, covering the territory of the Central Black Earth Region (Kursk, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Tambov, Penza regions, the Republic of Mordovia, continental regions of the Rostov region, the steppe part of the Krasnodar and Stavropol territories) - underdeveloped, with a specialization in educational tourism;
Povolzhsky, consisting of 2 subdistricts: the Northern Volga region (Samara, Saratov regions and Tataria) - moderately developed and the Lower Volga region (Vologda and Astrakhan regions) - underdeveloped. The Volga region specializes in medical, health and educational tourism;
Azov, including the coastal areas of the Rostov region and the Krasnodar Territory, is underdeveloped, with a specialization in medical and recreational recreation;
Caucasian-Black Sea, including the coastal regions of the Krasnodar Territory, is developed, with a specialization in medical and recreational recreation;
North Caucasian- foothill and low-mountain parts of the Krasnodar and Stavropol territories and the republics of the North Caucasus (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Chechnya and Dagestan) - moderately developed, with a specialization in therapeutic recreation;
Caspian- the coastal part of Dagestan is underdeveloped, with a specialization in medical and recreational recreation;
Gorno-Caucasian- mid-mountain and high-mountain regions of the Greater Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory, Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetian, Ingush and Dagestan republics) - underdeveloped, with a specialization in sports and ecological tourism.
Problems of recreational development:
Underdevelopment of the transport network in the Mountainous Caucasus region;
Sea pollution in the Black Sea and Azov regions, especially in the Novorossiysk - Tuapse section;
Insufficient landscaping of the steppe part;
Overlapping short-term recreation zones for local residents with resort areas in the vicinity of Sochi, Anapa and the Caucasian Mineral Waters reservoirs;
Fragility of the coastline (destruction of beaches due to sea abrasion);
The overlapping of the interests of viticulture, which provides the Abrau-Durso winery with high-grade grapes, onto the recreational territories of the Gelendzhik resort area.
Prospects for development:
Expansion of recreational medical and health-improving territories through the development of the Azov coast and the foothills of the Krasnodar Territory;
Construction of new tourist centers in the valley of the Belaya River to create the Adyghe tourist complex;
Completion of the construction of the Krasnodar - Maykop - Dagomys highway, connecting the interior regions with the Black Sea coast.
Recreational areas are primarily intended for recreation. These are corners of wildlife in the city, both natural and artificially created.
Why are recreation areas needed?
Recreational areas of natural origin - lakes, forest areas, river banks. This is what remains of the wild nature, its last islands in the stones of the city. Artificially created recreational areas are all familiar parks and plantings, ponds, gardens and reservoirs. This is nature created by human hands. Places where you can relax, listen to the rustling of leaves and splashing waves, admire the birds, and breathe fresh air. In a word, to touch living nature, which is so scarce in a modern city.
Often such areas are used for sports, usually there are areas specifically designed for active recreation. This is especially true for bodies of water. Equipped beaches are the basis for safe recreation on the water.
But the recreational zone exists not only to provide people with a place to relax. This is precisely why specialized recreation areas differ from spontaneous ones.
In such areas, toilets, first aid stations, and local police stations may be located. There are often kiosks, rental points for various sports equipment, sports equipment and equipped playgrounds for children. In a word, these places are like corners of wild nature, equipped with all the possible benefits of civilization.
Environmental functions of recreational areas
However, these are not the only arguments in favor of creating such territories. The construction of a recreational area is necessary not only because people need a comfortable and safe place to relax. Nature also needs a break from people. The fact is that city dwellers will somehow find a place to relax; they will go to the forest or to an undeveloped river bank. And the trouble is not that it can be dangerous. Adults themselves are able to determine the acceptable level of risk. But almost always, after such vacationers, piles of garbage and bottles are left on the grass, which there is no one to clean up in the forest, because there are no wipers there. And in the worst case, it will all end in a fire that breaks out from an unextinguished fire or a cigarette thrown into dry grass.
It can be said that the city's recreational areas protect wildlife from gross human interference. Those who want to sit on the grass and barbecue will simply go to the park. Yes, they will litter there and, perhaps, will not keep an eye on the fire. But the recreational areas are equipped with safety equipment, and firefighters are nearby and will arrive on the first call. And abandoned bottles and plastic food boxes will be removed by beach or park workers.
Often, the creation of a recreational area on the site of a forest or reservoir being absorbed by a city is the only way to save it from destruction. Otherwise, the lake will be drained and filled in, and the forest will be cut down to make way for development. Preserving areas of wildlife in the city is an extremely important task. High real estate prices arouse exceptional work enthusiasm among developers.
Recreation and tourism areas - what are they?
Those who are not interested in parks and alleys can go to tourist and recreational economic zones. These are legally designated areas intended for tourism and only for it.
The corresponding legislative acts were adopted in 2006. The purpose of creating such natural areas was to increase the competitiveness of the tourism business. It is expected that special economic and legislative conditions will stimulate the development of the tourism business, the creation of new and the reconstruction of old health resorts.
Similar zones can be created in individual areas of municipalities. There may be private houses and various infrastructure facilities of any form of ownership. Areas allocated for zones of this type may be part of specially protected areas. This is precisely why the tourist and recreational zone differs from a regular economic zone.
The state offers companies planning to engage in the tourism business to obtain resident status in the tourist and recreational zone and take advantage of the associated benefits. Residents can use a special coefficient when calculating depreciation on their own fixed assets. Restrictions on the transfer of losses to subsequent tax periods, amounting to 30% for other business entities, have been lifted for residents. In addition, a lenient income tax rate may be established for them for a certain period.
The problem of protecting wildlife when creating tourist and recreational zones
Metallurgical production, development and extraction of any minerals are strictly prohibited on the territory of such tourist and recreational zones. The exception is mineral waters, therapeutic muds and other balneological tourism objects. It is also impossible to process scrap ferrous, non-ferrous metals, and minerals, except, again, for the spill of mineral waters or other use of the balneological resources of the territory. The production and processing of any excisable goods, except motorcycles and cars, is prohibited.
One of the reasons why environmentalists are skeptical about the project is that entrepreneurs are given the right to build tourist facilities in protected areas. It is very likely, environmentalists believe, that this work will be carried out in violation of existing norms and regulations.
Similar experiments took place in Crimea and ended sadly. The construction of facilities planned to be environmentally friendly led to the cutting down of unique relict forests and the destruction of natural coastal formations. With this development of events, it will no longer matter whether the tourist complex continues to function or not, or whether the developer will be punished. After all, the damage has already been done, the damage is irreparable. Such risks must also be taken into account.
That is why environmental organizations are demanding a ban on the construction of tourist complexes in unique protected areas. It is easier to prevent this kind of misfortune than to look for ways to eliminate the consequences. Moreover, they do not exist.
Estimated economic benefit from the project implementation
The creators of this law believe that the development of tourism in Russia is impossible without economic support for entrepreneurs working in this area. According to preliminary calculations, 44.5 billion rubles will be spent on financing such zones by 2026. Representatives of the tourism business are expected to invest more than 270 billion rubles in the creation and development of tourist and recreational zones. Tax revenues from the project should amount to 260 billion rubles. The flow of tourists will more than triple, and the contribution of the tourism business to the country’s GDP will reach 2%. This is not as little as it seems - after all, now state revenues from this area of activity are tending to zero. This is what makes the development of tourism in Russia one of the priority areas of business, requiring government support.
The creation of such zones pursues not only economic goals. The result of such a program should be an improvement in the quality of service at Russian resorts and their improvement. Now many people note that it is more pleasant and profitable to relax on the shores of Turkey and Egypt than at home. Since the tourism business brings considerable income to countries with territories that are attractive in this regard, it is obvious that the situation needs to be changed. All conditions must be made to ensure that vacationers want to spend their money on the territory of Russia, and not outside its borders.
What areas for recreation and tourism are currently being created?
Currently, the recreational zones of Russia are represented by the following list:
- recreational area in the Stavropol Territory;
- in the Irkutsk region - “Gateway of Baikal”;
- in Altai - “Altai Valley” and “Turquoise Katun”;
- zone in the Itum-Kalinsky district of the Chechen Republic.
Previously, this list was two points longer, but recreational zones in the Krasnodar Territory and the Kaliningrad Region were liquidated by government decision. The zone on the Curonian Spit in the Kaliningrad region ceased to exist, since not a single agreement was concluded with residents and there were no businessmen willing to invest in the development of tourism infrastructure.
The tourist and recreational zone in the Krasnodar Territory ceased to exist for the same reason. But it was supposed to be located on the territory of well-known and beloved resorts: Sochi, Gelendzhik, Anapa, Tuapse. Cities that have always been exclusively touristic.
How could it happen that in the territories traditionally supported by tourism there were no businessmen willing to start creating tourism facilities on a preferential basis and under the auspices of the state? Of the entire list of recreational areas, this point seemed the most promising.
It is obvious that the practical implementation of the project to create tourist and recreational zones will turn out to be much more problematic than it seemed at first. And the above calculations are most likely overly optimistic. Since there were no people willing to start the tourism business in Sochi and Tuapse, this means that the projected income from the project needs to be seriously adjusted. And eliminate the factors leading to such a situation.
Time will tell how economically successful other objects will be.
Tourist complex in Stavropol region
The natural and recreational zone located in the Stavropol Territory is called “Caucasian Mineral Waters”. It is located on the territory of Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Pyatigorsk, the cities of Mineralnye Vody and Lermontov, Predgorny and Mineralovodsky districts. The potential possibilities of the zone are extensive. Beautiful landscapes, mountain air, unique flavor of the Caucasus. The unique health resorts of the Stavropol Territory were famous back in the days of Tsarist Russia, and the mineral water of Essentuki is one of the best mineral waters in the world.
Basic infrastructure elements are located near the recreational area; access to them is not difficult. In this area, it is planned to develop primarily health and balneological tourism; sports, educational and environmental tourism seem promising.
Tourist complexes "Biryuzovaya Katun" and "Altai Valley"
The tourist and recreational zone "Turquoise Katun" is located on the banks of the Katun River. This area is reminiscent of the classic landscapes of northern Europe: mountains, alpine meadows and mixed forests. It is sunny and relatively warm here, the average annual temperature is +5 o. A lot of snow falls in these places, the cover height reaches 600 mm. It is planned to create routes for hiking, water, ski and horse tourism. It will be of interest to fishermen and mushroom pickers, climbers and fans of caving tourism, hunters and lovers of rafting on mountain rivers.
Traditional trades and crafts of the inhabitants of Altai, a large number of archaeological and cultural monuments, and museums of the Altai Territory can also attract tourists to this area.
The Altai Valley recreational zone project should cover the territories of two state reserves and four game reserves, and will also include 5 sites from the UNESCO World Heritage List.
The Nizhne-Uimonsky, Nizhnekatunsky, Ursulsky, and Bie-Telitsky districts seem to be the most attractive for tourism. On the territory of the tourist zone there is such a unique natural object as Lake Manzherokskoye. Mount Sinyukha is located nearby. This is an ideal place to create a mountain resort that meets world standards. At the moment there are no such things in the country. The government of the Altai Republic has repeatedly tried to begin the construction of a tourist complex, but there was always not enough money for this. Perhaps funds will be found within the framework of this project.
One of the significant disadvantages of this territory is the lack of an airport. Getting to the recreation area is very inconvenient. The item “construction of an airport” is included in the project, but it is unlikely to be financed, at least until the benefits from this become obvious. So far, the positive balance of the project is in question.
Tourist complex "Gates of Baikal"
The recreational zone “Gates of Baikal” in Buryatia is supposed to be created next to the lake itself, because it is precisely this that is the goal of tourists coming to the region. This area has everything needed to create a mountain sports and health resort with a balneological focus: mountains, mountain rivers, a warm lake, mineral springs and healing mud.
A large resort facility should include ski resorts, water and mud clinics, trails for ecological and sports tourism. On the shore of Lake Kotokelskoye it is planned to create a water tourism center with a yacht club and an indoor water park.
Ski resort in the Chechen Republic
The recreational zone in the Chechen Republic will be located in the mountains, not far from the city of Grozny. It will be organized as a high-class ski resort. It is planned to build a huge tourist complex. In addition, cable cars, cross-country ski tracks, 19 ski slopes of varying difficulty, an equestrian arena and a stable will be built. Nearby they plan to create an artificial snowmaking system and a reservoir to feed it.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
COURSE WORK
On the topic: Features of formation and development
tourist and recreational special economic zones in the Russian Federation
Moscow 2010
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES OF RUSSIA
1.1 Special economic zones, their tasks and types
CHAPTER 2. TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL ZONES AS A TYPE OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
2.1 Tourist and recreational special economic zones
2.2 Features of legal regulation of the activities of TR SEZ
CHAPTER 3. TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES OF RUSSIA
3.1 Characteristics of the TR SEZ of the Russian Federation
3.2 Prospects for the development of tourist and recreational special economic zones of the Russian Federation
CONCLUSION
At the end of 2009, a total of 207 residents were registered in Russian SEZs.
1.2 Evolution of special economic zones in the Russian Federation
Three stages can be distinguished in the development of special economic zones in the Russian Federation. The first stage, from 1991 to 1995, coincided with the beginning of institutional transformations in Russia and is considered the period of laying the foundations for the functioning of special economic zones. In those years, they were considered as a necessary element of a market economy and free enterprise, an instrument for the comprehensive socio-economic, scientific and technical development of regions. In the early 90s of the last century, the legal foundations for the creation of special zones were laid, the formation procedure and the preferential nature of economic activity were established. In particular, it was envisaged to provide budget loans aimed at financing priority infrastructure facilities. The decision to establish a SEZ was made individually for each zone and formalized by a resolution of the Supreme Council (after its dissolution - by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation or legislative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation). On this basis, the executive authorities consolidated their economic and legal status, determined the direction of activity and the features of taxation. Among the largest zones created during this period, SEZ “Nakhodka” (1990), SEZ “Vyborg” (1991), economic favored zone (3EB) “Ingushetia” (1994), Kalmyk tax oasis (1995) should be highlighted.
From the point of view of the development of the tourist complex, the greatest importance was given to the OE3 “Caucasian Mineral Waters” (1994), created to implement the federal program to support a specially protected ecological resort region. Together with the Altai free economic zone (1991), this special zone fit into the model of sustainable development within the framework of the national environmental protection program. In special zones, a system of restricting environmental management regimes was introduced, environmental norms and standards were established that meet international requirements, and a system of tax incentives was in effect. The goal of the activities of OE3 “Caucasian Mineral Waters” was the formation of an environmentally friendly economic complex with a resort and tourism specialization. However, the practice of these ecological and recreational zones has shown that the lack of necessary financial resources creates significant difficulties for the normal functioning and accomplishment of assigned tasks. As a result of short-term operation, they ceased to exist.
